Direct Trace Element Determination in Oil and Gas Produced Waters with Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES): Advantages of High Salinity Tolerance (2019)
Waters co-produced during petroleum extraction are the largest waste stream from oil and gas development. Reuse or disposal of these waters is difficult due both to their high salinities, which can greatly exceed 35 g/L (seawater equivalent), and also the sheer volume of wastewater generated, which is estimated at …